The Kurds, a non-Arab Iranian ethnic nation of some 30 to 40 million people in their homeland and diaspora, are one of the most often mentioned stateless nations because they had made multiple, unsuccessful attempts to achieve statehood and have suffered discrimination to the level of genocide in some of the countries they live. National Borders as Foreign Intervention, Part 5. Its 100% free. The correct number is 25, not 27 as originally stated. However, within those political boundaries, there is even more diversity to be grappled with, and understood. 2) to understand issues of inequity and power imbalances. The national identity in that case is formed based on a recent institution, rather than one which organically developed over a long period of time. States that developed their national consciousness after the formation of the state do not have a national history that ties to a unique cultural community. StudySmarter is commited to creating, free, high quality explainations, opening education to all. Thus there exists in all the stateless nations feelings of identity that can be qualified as contradictory. The Tibetan nation is spread across several countries today; its cultural core area was occupied and annexed by China in the 1950s. It also touches upon the issues of inequity that national identity formation often creates. Keys to Understanding the Middle East by Alam Payind and Melinda McClimans is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. The Pope became equivalent to an emperor in Western Europe, because when the Western Roman Empire fell to the Germanic invaders, there was a power vacuum which the Bishop of Rome (now known as the Pope) came to fill. htm). These group names can vary over time and may depend on preferences. Palestine, which includes the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, has Observer status at the United Nations but is not a member of the UN General Assembly. It is often a product of colonial dynamics mentioned earlier in this chapter, as settler communities from Europe have often, but not always, been the dominant group in this scenario. Set individual study goals and earn points reaching them. The Kurds would be an example of a nation without a state of their own. C. Identify and explain one challenge landlocked African countries face in developing viable economies. The Tamil Genocide by Sri Lanka: The Global Failure to Protect Tamil Rights Under International Law, Francis Boyle, chapter self determination. There are numerous Kurdish, Arab, Azeri, Assyrian, Jewish, Iranians, among others, and each may be speakers of a different language, and/or adherents to a different religious tradition. The favoring of a united single state is also associated with unionism (Pakistani nationalism, Indian nationalism, Chinese nationalism,[32] British nationalism, Spanish nationalism, Russian nationalism). For the sake of this discussion, however, it is important to know that various cultural communities, whether they called themselves qawm or umum (plural for umma), came to considerthemselves nations. These cases typically have involved violent or deceptive removal tactics such as those used historically by the US. Two very critical countries do not: Israel, which considers the whole of Palestine as "occupied territories" within its borders; and the United States, which refuses to recognize Palestinian independence. Examples: Japan, Iceland, Denmark, and France. Present-day examples of multinational states are Afghanistan, Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Ethiopia, France, India, Indonesia, Iraq, Madagascar, Malaysia, Mauritius, Montenegro, New Zealand, Nigeria, Pakistan, Philippines, Russia, Serbia, Singapore, South [92], This article is about a nation lacking a nation state. Also: 1: Palestine 2: US Native Indian nations 3: Canada First Nations 4: Canada Inuit [though they do have their own Province] 5: Tibet 6: East Turkestan/Xinjiang Uighurs 7: Kurdistan 8: Barotseland 9: Euskadi 10: Catalonia 11: Galicia These often differ from cultural boundaries. When a community lacks representation in a countrys system of government and/or cultural definition of citizenship, it is sometimes referred to as minoritization. Minoritize is a verb used in the social sciences to critically describe the process which creates inequity between groups in a given country (see Key Concept below). They are thus called stateless nations. The examples are too numerous to list. You were forced from the land of your ancestors and have to move to a city; or maybe you were put in a "re-education" camp, had to flee the country altogether, or something even more terrible. Examples of stateless nations: The Kurds currently reside in Iraq, Iran, Syria, and Turkey, but they have not established an internationally-recognized state based on their national identity. Can also help with understanding the cultural/ethnic proximity with other people of that paternal language group, but not necessarily. An example of a stateless nation is the Kurds. The Kurds, numbering an estimated 20 million Kurds, are commonly seen as the world's largest nation without a state. None have homelands outside of Mexico, but all have diasporas in the US. Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA) was established in 1948 to aid Palestinian refugees who had lost their homes and livelihoods in the Arab-Israeli wars. I believe that statelessness was codified in the UN charter of 1954, then expanded in 1961. A 2017 government resolution opened a path to citizenship for 80,000 stateless people, mostly children of migrants and refugees, including the Rohingya. Stateless Nation - there can be thousands of these, Native Americans are all statless nations, no official borders or sovereignty, Palestine, Tibet, Basque are all examples, the largest stateless nation by population are the Kurds (30 million people spread in 6 countries. How to use stateless in a sentence. [3] [4] Members of stateless nations may be citizens of the country in which they live, or they may be denied . A stateless nation is a non-sovereign nation with no state structures. Palestinians have a long-running conflict with Israel and have also lived as refugees in countries such as Jordan and Egypt. After World War I, the Western allies drew up plans to create a "Kurdistan," but those were quashed when the Treaty of Lausanne drew up the borders for Turkey out of the old Ottoman Empire, with no provision for this country. It refers to the relationship between the dominant group which identifies with national identity is more supported by the countrys political, social and economic systems, and less powerful communities whose interests are not as well-served by them. They believe because they have a distinct culture, language, religion (or sect thereof) and have occupied a certain region of land for centuries, they are entitled to that particular piece of land. Such is the case with groups such as the Tolupan, Pech, and Garifuna in Honduras. There are 193 member states in the United Nations, but only around 20 are, strictly speaking, nation-states, meaning states (government + geographical territory) with a single ethnic nation inhabiting the territory. A nation, or a people, is usually referred to asqawm in Arabic. Historically occupied the independent, Gorkhaland is a proposed state in India demanded by the people of the, The Moro people of Muslim Mindanao has since been granted autonomy as the. In terms of rights entitlements, the rights envisaged for stateless persons are nearly identical to those provided to refugees, but lower than had been proposed by the ILC. Not all of the trapped players were Thai, though. Members have citizenship in the country in which they reside. Print media played a critical role in the formation of national consciousness as a form of group belonging: reading literature in ones own vernacular had a powerful effect (Anderson, 2006). We visit five prominent stateless nations to find out how they got that way. Refugees, hidden, and dispossession of homeland. To take an example from Arabic speaking communities of the Middle East. Even today the colonial boundaries form modern national boundaries. Whereas the Western European nation-states are at present relinquishing some of their powers to the European Union, many of the former colonies are now the zealous defenders of the concept of national-statehood. Chapter Two: Faith and Religious Identity, Next: The U.S. and Post-Bandung Imperial Dominance, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Earn points, unlock badges and level up while studying. Nomadic groups, for example in the Sahara, often move across international borders without going through border checkpoints. Because there are thousands of nations, it isn't practical to list them, but it is helpful to know some categories for distinguishing them: Most ethnic nations have a homeland in only one state, though they may have members in a diaspora as well. The Middle East and the Impact of Imperialism, Part 3. National devolution, further autonomy or total secession from Mali. Palestinians are currently members of a stateless nation, although the sovereignty of Palestine has been recognized by 135 member countries of the U.N. The U.N. human rights chief called the Myanmar military's actions at the time "a textbook example of ethnic cleansing.". They often faced discrimination ranging from denial of citizenship to dispossession of their homelands. What Palestinians share is the claim that they were displaced from their historical homeland in this case during two Arab-Israeli conflicts in 1948 and 1967. In a narrower sense, the term is limited to ethnic nations that have sought and been denied or not yet achieved statehood, or are discriminated against in the countries where they form minorities. Some stateless nations have achieved their own independent state. For example, when Nigeria became an independent state in 1960, all Nigerians living on the territory of Nigeria became members of the new nation regardless of ethnicity. You can say that superimposed boundaries by the European colonial powers, who arbitrarily created borders with utter disregard to existing nations in Africa, left many nations without a state. In Myanmar, they suffer from a long-running genocide and are denied citizenship. One example of a stateless nation is the Kurds, who are an ethnic group native to the Middle East and are spread across parts of Turkey, Iran, Iraq, and Syria. They were stripped of their nationality on February 9 and 15. Regarding the free response question (FRQ), you will most likely not be directly asked a question involving stateless nations explicitly. The symbiotic relationship between nations and states arose in early modern Western Europe (18th century) and it was exported to the rest of the world through colonial rule. This results in situations where people of the same language or culture are divided by national borders, for example New Guinea splits as West Papua (former Dutch colony) and Papua New Guinea (former British colony). [16][17][18][19] Some of these minority groups campaigned for self-determination. Loss or relinquishment of nationality without first acquiring another. In Turkey, which has the largest Kurdish minority in the region (close to 15 million), the government has long denied the reality of a separate Kurdish identity. A nation, or a people, is usually referred to asqawm in Arabic. Many of the US's hundreds of nations governed their own fully sovereign territory and did not come under US control until the 1800s. (Conflicts often ensue.) It was a defeat for the Church, but a victory for increased individualism in regard to spirituality and group belonging. Individuals or communities often possess legal land titles. Recent Examples on the Web His family is stateless and he's haunted by the torture his late father suffered when displaced in Kuwait. Describe three political or cultural consequences of superimposed boundaries in Africa. The history books your country uses tell lies about you. Keep reading to learn more about the terminology of a stateless nation, the significance, and more. For most people, nationality is determined by place of birth, parentage or a long-term residence in a country. Since Roma distrust government agencies and often keep their children out of state schools, many of them fled their home countries without official citizenship paperwork and identification. Probably not, nation states themselves were still a pretty new concept 200 years ago. The following is a list of ethnic and national groups where there exist notable independence movements as evidenced by standalone Wikipedia articles. False. The Kutupalong refugee camp in Bangladesh is the largest of its kind in the world, home to more than 600,000 Rohingya Muslim refugees from neighboring Myanmar (formerly Burma). The Kurdish people are consistently shortchanged. Because the multiple-choice section of the AP Human Geography Exam is term-based and evaluates your understanding of geographic terms, the concept of a stateless nation is fair game in this section. The map of the Middle East is diverse already with Arabic, Hebrew, Turkish and Persian linguistically defining the political borders not the monolithic image most people have of the Middle East as a location exclusively Arabic-speaking place. Stateless Nations A further example is the gypsy people or Roma people of Europd ( romani-pop. This is also a region of heavy conflict. Historically occupied the independent kingdoms of Wales (, The creation of a new Frisian state. B. had several forerunners. It is important to understand the dynamics of national identity for two main reasons: 1) to understand the immense cultural diversity of the Middle East. The total population of the Province of Quebec is 8.2 million, of which over 80% are French speakers. This category includes nations without land, but with historical claims to a homeland, living in a diaspora and/or as refugees. Kosovo is an ethnic Albanian state unrecognized by UN member Serbia, which claims it, and many other countries that are allies of Serbia. This made it difficult to impossible for them to establish citizenship in their new countries like Macedonia, Montenegro and Italy. Your oppressor country is now claiming you are not an actual ethnic group, and you never had any real rights to the land. The Donbas republics of Luhansk and Donetsk are ethnic Russian states that effectively seceded from Ukraine in 2014 but are only recognized by Russia, Syria, and North Korea as of 2022. Abkhazia, South Ossetia, Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, and Somaliland are examples of these. A. Better known by the derogatory term "gypsies," the Romani or Roma people have suffered ethnic persecution in Europe for centuries. Since no government recognizes them, they can't get a birth certificate, attend school, see a doctor, own property or get married. Ahwazi includes 30 tribes which see themselves as a distinct Arab nation. By registering you get free access to our website and app (available on desktop AND mobile) which will help you to super-charge your learning process. According to linguists, the language they speak is still called Pame. Neighboring countries that otherwise impose border controls sometimes allow the people of transborder nations to cross back and forth across a shared border without doing this or with an expedited process. They often faced discrimination ranging from denial of citizenship to dispossession of their homelands. Three of them, plus their coach, were stateless. Stateless nations experience conditions ranging from autonomy of some type (the "best case" short of independence, which they may or may not desire) to the worst cases of complete landlessness and even having to exist in hiding! A stateless nation is an ethnic group or nation that does not possess its own state[1] and is not the majority population in any nation state. As a result, these multinational states have a plethora of internal strife, and many of the nations in modern African states have almost no control over their internal affairs. In this article, we will discuss what a stateless nation is, look at examples of stateless nations, explain why its important in having a comprehensive understanding of geography, and how to understand it in the context of the AP Human Geography exam. The correct number is 25, not 27 as originally stated a state of their homelands, or... 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