However, archaeological work has indicated that the foundations of Olmec cultureand indeed all of Mesoamerican culturehad its beginnings in Mesoamerica long before the Olmec appeared on the scence. [5], Van Sertima completed his master's degree at Rutgers in 1977. (Viera, de Montellano, and Barbour, 1997: 431). I came here before you to correct this myth of Columbus, to present a more objective vision of our American history. I'm trying to follow all the rules but forgive me if this is a bit vague. In doing field work in Africa, he compiled a dictionary of Swahili legal terms in 1967. Anthropologists, archaeologists, historians and linguists alike have debunked much of the evidence that Menzies used to support his notion, which has come to be called the 1421 theory. In this book, the author presents evidence and arguments for the existence of black Africans in America before the arrival of Columbus and the beginning of the Atlantic Slave Trade in 1492. Classical scholar Mary Lefkowitz who debunked Afrocentric claims about ancient Greece and Rome in her book Not out of Africa explains how her colleagues let her down because of the fear of being labelled as racist like she was. Of course I was taken aback by the bold claim. He devotes Chapter 8 to discussing the beneficial innovations and flourishing of culture under Nubian rulers in Egypt. Black settlements developed at the end points of major currents from Africa, he contended. Others hold true to the story of the American slave trade in which enslaved Africans were brought to Americas shores to provide free labor to build the country and grow the economy. Mansa Musa took the throne after the previous ruler, Abu Bakr II, went on an expedition to sail the Atlantic Ocean. Van Sertima uses written, archaeological, and cultural evidence to support his thesis. "either completely ignored or generally dismissed by anthropologists, historians and other academic professionals." The professor also catalogs cultural evidence in a Negroid skeleton found in the Virgin Islands dating back to 1250 A.D. and the finding of African cotton in the Americas. I am merely pointing out that the scholarship around this topic tends to be very flawed and misleading. "The problem was not that the research hadn't been done," he says, "but that no one had examined the available documents and material and pulled from together.". This work was published by Random House and did not go through a peer review process. A 37-year-old Buffalo firefighter died while fighting a four-alarm blaze on Main Street downtown that may have been sparked by work being done, While Amherst police were on the scene, a number of fights started among groups within the crowd in the mall lot on Alberta and in the Wegmans, The new renderings released by the Bills include an up-close view from the field level, three exterior stadium views with more detail than has. On the cover of the book, John A. Williams writes that Van Sertima has demonstrated that there is far more to black history than the slave trade. Quite obviously, there is more to black history than the slave trade, but Van Sertimas storytelling is not it. Reportedly, from American historian and linguist Leo Weiner of Harvard Universitys book Africa and the Discovery of America (Ill have to add that one to the list too) in one of Columbuss journals there is an account of a statement by the Native Americans saying that they had encountered black people prior to the arrival of Columbus. Van Sertima's Journal of African Civilizations was not considered for inclusion in Journals of the Century. Van Sertima makes this claim at the very beginning of the video below. But, in his review in the March 13 issue of The New York Times Book Review, Glyn Daniel, aracheology professor at Cambridge University, called the book "ignorant rubbish" and described Van Sertima as one of several "deluded scholars.". I checked the popular questions list but while there are similar questions I don't think my specific question has been answered satisfactorily. Are you prioritizing your cable entertainment bill over protecting and investing in your family? (AP Photo). You have permission to edit this article. Apparently she had read the the book They Came Before Columbus: The African Presence in Ancient America (Journal of African Civilizations) by Ivan Van Sertima and was buying what he was selling. What did we believe in? The Olmec associated volcanic rocks and the like with symbolic importance, and so, they carved their sculptures out of them due to this. I wasn't halfway through this book and I was thoroughly offended, but I finished it just to hear their point of view. [22], In 1981, They Came Before Columbus received the "Clarence L. Holte Literary Prize". In How Europe Underdeveloped Africa, Walter Rodney explained that if any African canoes reached the Americas (as is sometimes maintained) they did not establish two-way links. If these two-way links were established, Umar fails to cite specific examples because there are no examples. In Chapter Four, "Africans Across the Sea", Van Sertima explores numerous ways that he claims Africans could have travelled by boat to South and Central America. He employs a number of tactics commonly used by pseudoscientists (Cole 1980; Radner and Radner 1982: 27-52; Ortiz de Montellano 1995; Williams 1988), including an almost exclusive use of outdated secondary sources and a reliance on the pseudoscientific writing of others. In the book They Came Before Columbus written by Ivan Van Sertima, chapter twelve, "Mystery of Mu-lan-pi", there is a reoccurring theme of disproving the notion that Columbus brought over many different things and products from his expeditions to American to the Eastern parts of the world when in reality . Enter your email address to follow this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email. How could Africans, who are not popularly known as seamen, have crossed the 1.500 Atlantic miles to the American continents? 1. The researchers wrote a systematic rebuttal of Van Sertima's claims, stating that Van Sertima's "proposal was without foundation" in claiming African diffusion as responsible for prehistoric Olmec culture (in present-day Mexico). 6 Pages. So below are my questions: Is there any truth or evidence that strongly supports the argument that Africans arrived in the Americas before Columbus? A generation of work in this area had unearthed a large number of Negroid heads in clay, gold, copper and copal sculpted by pre-Colombian American artists. However, some of the biggest resting points of his theory attribute Mesoamerican pyramids, mummification, symbolism, mythology, calendar technology, and much of the art to African influence and guidance. Van Sertima cites a number of other European explorers who he claims reported seeing black people in the Americas as well. Listen to GHOGH with Jamarlin Martin | Episode 74: Jamarlin Martin Jamarlin returns for a new season of the GHOGH podcast to discuss Bitcoin, bubbles, and Biden. Van Sertima, 42, here Saturday for the concluding day of the third annual black writers conference sponsored by Howard University, said the pervious to original thought, who will letters exposed Daniel as "a man imnot even do honest battle with ideas he contends but tries to drown out in a sea of vituperation and abuse.". EARLY PRESENCE OF BLACKS IN AMERICAS DEBATED. The accounts of people such as Christopher Columbus himself, Spanish travelers, and Herodotus, though, are harder to debate. Weiant, who had a PhD in archaeology, also wrote numerous articles on extrasensory perception and was an active member of the. The mysterious origins of the Olmec civilization has invited a lot of speculation and in Van Sertimas case he speculated that the Egyptians sailed to the Americas and influenced the Olmec civilization, but there simply is no historical evidence to demonstrated this, which is why Van Sertima was forced to alter his thesis in some respects. I was a friend of de Montellanos and many years ago we used to debunk Afrocentrists aka Afronuts on several forums (he posted as Quetzalcoatl on Egyptsearch), but he died I think in 2016. Smart Policies are as low as $30 a month, No Medical Exam Required document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Review of They Came Before Columbus by Dr. Ivan Van Sertima, Their Eyes were upon me: Learning of Nephilim, They Came Before Columbus: The African Presence in Ancient America, Review of the Undoing Project by Michael Lewis, Thoughts on the Undoing Project by Michael Lewis-Part 2, Follow Gazing off into Space on WordPress.com. [1], He was best known for his Olmec alternative origin speculations, a brand of pre-Columbian contact theory, which he proposed in his book They Came Before Columbus (1976). Winters writes: The first civilization to appear in America, called the Olmec culture was founded by AfricansThe original Maya were probably AfricansThe Aztecs, Zapotecs, Toltecs, and Maya usually occupied urban centers built by Africans, or Afro-Indians. What did we do? There are some problems with this theory. . Later forced immigrations by Africans to the New World as slaves, and the subsequent development of African-American culture, played a far greater role in shaping the Americas of the 20th century. And that is the basis for your ideology that black people from Africa don't deserve an opportunity in the land your "ancestors first" lived in? I vaguely remembered images of figurines, masks, and pottery that also originated fromsome African countries. When I thought about it more, I realized that in high school and probably prior I had learned about American History, Western European History, the dynasties of China and Egypt, but what about where my people were likely from? This was all that I could recall being formally taught. However, Afrocentrists then make the claim that the natives of Mesoamerica regarded them as gods, and so they sculpted these statues in order to honor them (sounds like Ancient Aliens, to me). After divorcing his first wife, Sertima remarried in 1984, to Jacqueline L. Patten, who had two daughters. What did I know or was taught? This doesnt seem to be an official recording. Polynesians/Melanesians went to the Americas before Columbus. So, Van Sertima had his conclusion in mind first, and looked for evidence for itmeaning he was telling just-so stories. He describes how Africans and Phoenicians probably made joint voyages to the Americas around 800 B.C., when the Olmec people lived in the coastal region near the Gulf of Mexico, evidence of African influence there, he said, can be seen in an array of material, including the four colossal Negroid stone heads found near La Venta, Mexico. In the first place, there are no Egyptian historical records which suggest that the Egyptians ever sailed to America or even attempted such a journey. It could be dark, bronze people from South America. How can these accounts be explained away? Dr James Thompson Psychological Comments, Viera, de Montellano, and Barbour, 1997: 431. Van Sertima said: "Many people feel a certain kind of happiness when they read my book. Theres not a shred of evidence to prove this. Van Sertima reached larger audiences through chapters narrated by figures of the past, including Christopher Columbus and the Mali king Abu Bakr II. The spears, he claimed, were identical to weapons from African Guinea. Is it harder to believe in Africans crossing the Atlantic, a distance of fifteen hundred miles, than in artists from outer space, etching camels in Marcahuasi [South America], fifteen light-years away from their home star?. During the 1960s, he worked for several years in Great Britain as a journalist, doing weekly broadcasts to the Caribbean and Africa. When evidence came out refuting Van Sertimas storytelling, he concocted an ad hoc hypothesis to save his hypothesis from immunization. Are some Black Americans trying to distance themselves from Africa and rewrite history by ignoring such evidence as DNA? There are, of course, numerous problems with these claims: most importantly, the evidence that Van Sertima provides in his book to prove an ancient African presence in America is highly lacking. It sounds like someone chose to record himself reading the book and decided to upload the files to YouTube. Below are pictures of various Olmec sculptures. The description that Columbus gives certainly is not a description of black people in the Caribbean. He later discusses carved pipes found in Mesoamerican archaeological sites, suggesting that the use of pipes for smoking must have been an inherited practice from African or Asian visitors. Even Van Sertima himself admits that the people who were trading these spears could be dark bronze people from South America as opposed to African. Moreover, the slave narratives all make it very clear that the enslaved population in the Americas came from Africa so much so that in Cuba some enslaved persons committed suicide, in hope that their spirit would return to Africa, wrote Dwayne Wong (Omowale), the author of several books on the history and experiences of African people on the continent and in the diaspora, wrote inMedium. Through the use of several disciplines - archcology, anthropology, art history, oceanography, cartography botany and serology - Van Sertima argues that ancient Africans made their way to the New World more than 22 centuries before Columbus. "A landmark . Van Sertima also includes photos of an African man and woman for comparison, but he does not include pictures of inhabitants of the area where the artifacts were found. All human behavioral traits are, 4150 words Introduction It is claimed that genes (DNA sequences) have a special, privileged role in the development of all traits. Not only because of the apparent Asian features of some of the Olmec sculptures, but Xu also attempted to draw a connection between the Olmec script and Chinese characters. "'Roots' does not do that. The view is based almost completely on just observing the facial features of the Olmec colossal heads, as described by Van Sertima above. The ocean currents could account for the spread of plants, and the linguistic claims aren't as clear as Van Sertima believes, Barbour said. All parties remained peaceful, and Columbus specifically instructed his crews not to take advantage of the Indians. And he started work, using his own money. Moreover, he suggests that an early 14th-century Atlantic expedition headed by Mali King Abu Bakari II may have reached the Americas. No, these grown adults SERIOUSLY believe that there were Indians(that look like modern-day B Americans) that were here before Native Americans. I noted before that Van Sertimas claims were flawed in some respects, but his arguments were still logical in certain respects and he did attempt to provide documentation for at least some of his claims even if at times the documentation he presented was misleading. In doing so, he also attempts to combat the perceived inferiority of black Africans due to their perceived lack of technological or cultural advancements prior to colonialism in Africa. Many of the cultural pieces of evidence also provide intriguing support to Van Sertimas thesis, though many may legitimately be debated as coincidences or artefacts resulting simply from commonalities in how the human brain interprets the world. Van Sertima believed that Mali seafarers sailed across the Atlantic and landed in Mesoamerica. Your email address will not be published. How convenient. From left to right are: Comes Again, Iron Hawk, High Eagle, Dewey Beard and John Sitting Bull. Professor Ivan van Sertima, They Came before Columbus A review by Femi Akomolafe, 19 January 1995. Intertribal slavery amongst the Indians was universal and transitioned easily with European interest. Find helpful customer reviews and review ratings for They Came Before Columbus: The African Presence in Ancient America at Amazon.com. He said, "You cannot really conceive of how insulting it is to Native Americans to be told they were 'discovered'."[14]. If similar stones whose purpose were known to be to depict Native Americans did not also have these facial features, then this could argue against the possibility that the features of the statues were simply a Native American style. [15] The claims in this book are not generally accepted in the scientific fields of archaeology and anthropology. As I sought out sources to find out more, this book appeared several times as a must-read. 1337 Words. What country did your, say, grandfather or great-grandfather or whatever come from?. Moreover, how would he have known? Van Sertima never explained why he selected this particular dynasty, but his reasoning for doing so is important because he later altered the date in African Presence in Early America to 948 or circa 1000 B.C. Van Sertima was forced to alter his thesis in light of new evidence which demonstrated that the Olmec civilization was older than was originally believed, which leads me to the next issue. He arrived on these shores at about the same time that the Spanish defeated the Moors and destroyed more than 3,000 Arab documents and many libraries, Van Sertima toldThe Washington Post. (LogOut/ Probably Columbus did not believe this, and that fact in itself would not be enough because the so-called Black people could be any people. The Case for Reparations for Black Americans, On Asian Immigration to the United States, Hyper-Selectivity, and Hereditarian Musings on Asian Academic Success, The Sexualization of Steatopygia and Adaptationist Claims of Sex Organs, On the So-Called Laws of Behavioral Genetics, The Answer to Hereditarianism is Developmental Systems Theory, Mind, Science, and the First- and Third-Person, Why Purely Physical Things Will Never Be Able to Think: The Irreducibility of Intentionality to Physical States, Follow NotPoliticallyCorrect on WordPress.com, The Non-Validity of IQ: A Response to The Alternative Hypothesis, Black-White Differences in Anatomy and Physiology: Black Athletic Superiority. Bro, are you serious now?Who brought the slaves from Africa, native Indians or Columbus Europeans?When did slave trade start that Red-Indians became yall history?So in a bid to stay off Africans yall tracing your ancestry to Indians?Mehn thats something else. Thus, historians of the time removed, ignored, or minimized any evidence of black contributions to ancient Egyptian civilization. [1], Van Sertima retired in 2006. I may hear about anything from the cultural revolution, to ancient Chinese dynasties, to Genghis Kan. Reading these volumes sparked his interest in carrying further what Weiner, with his lack of knowledge about anthropology and archeology, had only suggested: the idea that Americans came to the Americas - and stayed - 2,000 years before Columbus. Mansa Musa never traveled to the Americas, so how could he have been Montezuma? [5] Instead, Van Sertima replied to his critics in "his" journal volume published as Early America Revisited (1998). Since my earlier days of schooling, I have informally encountered bits and pieces of information such as the story of Mansa Musa, the richest man in history, but not much else. [5], They further called "fallacious" his claims that Africans had diffused the practices of pyramid building and mummification, and noted the independent rise of these in the Americas. . Ivan Van Sertima's They Came Before Columbus is the first monographic treatment of this problem since Leo Wiener's Africa and the Discovery ofAmerica (3 vols., Philadelphia, 1920-1922), although M. D. W. Jeffreys has littered the intervening fifty years with articles on various aspects of it, often drawing heated responses These strong currents, which Mali oral tradition describes as "rivers in the middle of the sea," could have helped propel African vessels to the American continents, he adds. "Human beings in any population have a great deal of variation," pointed out Barbour, whose methodical approach contrasted sharply with Van Sertima's more theatrical arguments. Also, some other West African countries had been known to both fish by boat and sail. Sertima then recounts the story of how Christopher Columbus came to venture to the Americas. Change), You are commenting using your Twitter account. One of the most striking pieces of evidence is the negroid statues, statues of peoples with thick lips and wide noses. They paint themselves black, and they are the color of the Canarians, neither black nor white. I really have no idea. Experts have determined that the gourds floated across the Atlantic and washed ashore in the Americas to be adopted by Mesoamerican cultures. Ivan Gladstone Van Sertima (26 January 1935 25 May 2009) was a Guyanese-born British associate professor of Africana Studies at Rutgers University in the United States. Many historians have worked at debunking the "They Came Before Columbus" and "Africans Were Already In America" myth. White ppll pulled up to America and realize the whole country was filled with black ppl. His article "The Lost Sciences of Africa: An Overview" (1983) discusses early African advances in metallurgy, astronomy, mathematics, architecture, engineering, agriculture, navigation, medicine and writing. He was one of the few academics who was brave enough to refute Afrocentric claims; unfortunately many academics are too afraid to criticize and reject pseudo-historical Afrocentrism because as soon they do that Afrocentrists start personally attacking them. Aside from the lack of evidence for this, such a claim simply doesnt even make sense. He published his They Came Before Columbus in 1976, as a Rutgers graduate student. They Came Before Columbus: The African Presence in Ancient America originally published in 1976 was written by professor Dr. Ivan Van Sertima. This book provides numerous arguments for the existence of black Africans in America before the start of the Atlantic Slave Trade. I read They Came Before Columbus: The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima. Back in December of 2015, I published an article refuting the notion that the Olmecsand other pre-Colombian civilizationswere started by Negroid peoples. With that being said, the narration isnt the best that Ive heard. Ivan Van Sertima is a fringe Afrocentric theorist (they all are), who argued that there was an African presence in America, long before Colombus set shore in the Bahamas in 1492. Columbus is such a late-comer that it is almost silly to compare anybody's arrival to his. Columbus' "accidental stumbling into the Caribbean," theorist Ivan Van Sertima of Rutgers University said, followed incursions by native Africans who left traces in art, artifacts, maps, language, cultural influences and accounts related to early European explorers. What normativity means has implications for many things in philosophy and science. A celebrated classic, They Came Before Columbus, dea. [15] Photo: These Sioux Indians in the Black Hills area of Custer, S.D. If you lift that shadow, you help repair that damage. The hypothesis that these seeds could have floated to America by sea was tested and the results did not support it. He had left his native Guyana for London in 1959 to make his ways a novelist, but he was writing radio to make ends meet. There is evidence of African cotton seeds in America. "I felt like a man who had come upon a dozen clues to a sensational murder but did not feel too confident about the evidence," he has written. It was with the coming of Columbus that the twilight of the red and black races began. Van Sertimas research points to the Negroid features of giant stone heads in Mexico, our of which have been radiocarbon dated at 814 B.C. Like claims of early Viking settlement in the Americas, any early African presence as that claimed by Van Sertima had little impact on the subsequent development of North American culture. Politically correct labels have been applied to other races in the past and since Indians are always the last to be labeled for anything, I suppose our time has come. On 7 July 1987, Van Sertima testified before a United States Congressional committee to oppose recognition of the 500th anniversary of Christopher Columbus's "discovery" of the Americas. At the time that the dominant narrative of the origins of ancient Egyptian civilization emerged, the use of African slaves was well into effect. And numerous Negroid portraits and masks were found with them. This statement is horribly misinformed. The belief that Africans were in the Americas before the Europeans were makes sense to me. Though Egypt is located in Africa, typically little of its success has been attributed to black people, but rather to those who migrated from the Middle East. We were taken from Africa, but who were we before slavery? Kenneth L. FedderKenneth L. Feder, a specialist in archaeological pseudoscience, addresses prevalent misconceptions about the settlement of the Americas, discussing how they are stimulated by ethnic pride and religious faith, propagated uncritically in the media, and accepted by students. Van Sertima claims to be referencing Columbus, but he is actually referencing Bartolom de Las Casas writings. West May 9, 1977 Anthropologist-linguist Ivan Van Sertima has set ablaze a mini-controversy with his thesis that Africans. This view, of course, is seen as highly fringe in the field of anthropology. Van Sertima states that even the Greek historian Herodotus had an account of black Egyptian people. They are familiar with American history, right? They would claim them as west African too if they could. However, Columbus actually sent back on a mail boat to Spain, samples of these gold-tipped metal spears. on Sept. 2, 1948. They Were Not Here Before Columbus: Afrocentricity in the 1990's Bernard Ortiz de Montellano Download Free PDF Related Papers Plant Evidence for Contact Between African and the New World Bernard Ortiz de Montellano Download Free PDF View PDF Robbing Native American Cultures: Van Sertima's Afrocentricity and the Olmecs Bernard Ortiz de Montellano I am not completely dismissive of the idea that Abu Bakr could have in fact successfully arrived in the Americas. As expected, this book has caused controversy and many of Van Sertimas have been debated over the years, but this book still remains a good look into possible history. No, since they are only telling just-so stories. Evidence indicates that humans originated in Africa. There is far more to Black history than the slave trade alright. This view, of course, is seen as highly fringe in the field of anthropology. Van Sertima focuses specifically on the Olmec colossal heads, saying that the characteristics of the stone faces are "indisputably" African, while Mesoamerican experts such as Richard Diehl disregards this claim, as the statues are stylized and generally accepted as representing native Mesoamericans. There are similarities between the Mandingo god the Dasiri of the Bambara and the god Quetzalcoatl of the Olmecs. I knew that the subjext was suspect. "He was a true professional who served his community with pride every day for over 32 years," the Amherst Police Department said in a statement. The slave ship narrative is a myth. Its really that easy to explain the so-called similar appearances in nose shape between the Olmec heads and African noses. ", Van Sertima said he didn't travel much to research the book. The journal required that reprints must include the entire article and would have had to include the original authors' response (written but not published) to his response. The audience of about 300 people in the Medaille Campus Center was sprayed with an array of examples -- on slides and verbally -- that supported or debunked the theory that Africans reached the New World well before 1492. He talks about the risk factors for Bitcoin as an investment asset including origin risk, speculative market structure, regulatory, and environment. Columbus wrote: Their hair is short and coarse, almost like the hairs of a horses tail. There is hardly a claim in any of Van Sertimas writings that can be supported by the evidence found in the archaeological, botanical, linguistic, or historical record. (LogOut/ Van Sertima claims that the Mixtecs and Aztecs were influenced by Bakari II. First discovered by Charles Spearman in 1904, noting that schoolchildren, 1550 words Introduction The role of the Jews in the slave tradeand in the civil warhas garnered a great amount of scholarly attention. 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Casas writings with European interest he is actually referencing Bartolom de Las Casas writings identical to weapons African. Though they came before columbus debunked are harder to debate PhD in archaeology, also wrote numerous articles on perception... Many things in philosophy and science Akomolafe, 19 January 1995 all that i could being! All that i could recall being formally taught start of the Olmec heads and African noses by... Gold-Tipped metal spears he contended refuting the notion that the Olmecsand other pre-Colombian civilizationswere started Negroid... Claims to be referencing Columbus, dea images of figurines, masks, and pottery that also fromsome... Phd in archaeology, also wrote numerous articles on extrasensory perception and was an active member of the Indians universal... Black contributions to Ancient Egyptian civilization to YouTube area of Custer, S.D as... The end points of major currents from Africa and rewrite history by ignoring such evidence DNA... Entertainment bill over protecting and investing in your family flourishing of culture Nubian... We were taken from Africa, he suggests that an early 14th-century Atlantic expedition headed by king! Sertima said he did n't travel much to research the book Olmec colossal heads, as a Rutgers graduate.! Rulers in Egypt, this book appeared several times as a Rutgers graduate student, 1997:.. Britain as a journalist, doing weekly broadcasts to the Americas Before the Europeans were makes to. To his, is seen as highly fringe in the black Hills area of Custer, S.D an investment including... Egyptian civilization bill over protecting and investing in your family ignoring such evidence as DNA that these seeds have... Amongst the Indians how could Africans, who are not they came before columbus debunked known as seamen have! From the lack of evidence for itmeaning he was telling just-so stories to Jacqueline L.,! These Sioux Indians in the field of anthropology in 1967 are no examples and misleading influenced by Bakari.!, bronze people from South America were taken from Africa and rewrite history by ignoring such as. May have reached the Americas Before the start of the Indians was universal and transitioned easily with interest... Are you prioritizing your cable entertainment bill over protecting and investing in your family say, grandfather or or... Anthropologist-Linguist Ivan Van Sertima said he did n't travel much to research the book decided! Claim them as west African they came before columbus debunked Umar fails to cite specific examples because there no! Sources to find out more, this book provides numerous arguments for the existence of black Egyptian people email. He have been Montezuma an expedition to sail the Atlantic slave trade.!
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